Aerodonetics: Constituting the ...

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By Frederick William
Lanchester

Published 1908
A. Constable & co., ltd.

Aerodynamics

433 pages

Original from the University of Michigan

Digitized Jun 18, 2007

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CHAPTER	1

lntroductoiy Remarkscoutiuueil	2
degrees of freedom, bird, extent equilibrium
The Ballasted Aeroplane A Simple Case	4
Ballasted Aeroplane, mica plate, leading edge
The Ballasted Aeroplane Longitudinal Stability	5
centre of pressure, centre of gravity, ballasted aeroplane
Thc Ballasted Aeroplane Lateral Stability	7
moment of inertia, line of flight, aerodone
Ballasted Aeroplane Directional Stability	9
skin friction, mica, directional stability

Other Forms of Aerodone	12
degrees of freedom, transverse axis, longitudinal stability
Some Successful Gliding and Flying Models	13
Penaud, ballasted, oscillate
Authors Experiments	17
aerofoil, centre of pressure, centre of gravity
Authors Experiments rnntiunrl The Aerodone 12 Tho Authors Experimentsrunlinueil The Catapult 13 Site and Date of Experiments	26
rubber, extension employed, given in Fig
The Authors Experiments Records	30
Velocity, June 24th, light wind
lu The Authors Experiments Discussion	31
Sir Hiram Maxim, acentric types, velocity
Authors Experiments Remarks and Summary 17 Authors Experiments Remarks and Summarycontinued	34
mathematical analysis, mean flight path, curve of flight
IS Introductory 19 Initial Hypothesis	38
plane, vertical, stability
The Phugoid Equation	39
inertia, curvature, velocity
Substitution for the Constant	40
Radius of Curvature, curves of flight, equation
Radius of Curvature	42
PHUGOID, aerofoil, radius of curvature
CHAPTER III	46

Plotting the Curves The Use of the Trammel	49
trammel, tumbler, radius point
Plotting the Inflected Curve	51
inflected, curve, plotted
Plotting the Inflected Curve Example	53
point of inflection, point on curve, Small Amplitude
Phugoids of Small Amplitude 30 Phugoids of Small Amplitude Form of Orbit	56
axis of flight, Small Amplitude, Orbit
Phugoids of small Amplitude Plotting	57
Phugoids, ellipse, amplitude
The Phugoid Chart	59
phugoids, phase curve, inflected curves
The Time Period of the Phugoid Path 34 The Time Period of the Phugoid Path Special Cases	61
Phugoid, inflected, nearly straight path
The Time Period and Form of the Phugoid Path Special Cases cvuti unfl	63
tumbler curve, n F2, semicircle
Relations of Time Period Phase Length and Velocity for Phugoids of Small Amplitude 37 Variations in the Value of C for Geometrically Similar Cur...	64
geometrically similar, value of Hn, phase length
Permanence of Stability	66
cusp, danger zone, semicircle
Unstable Conditions The Danger Xone on the Phugoid Chart 40 Stability in Face of a Disturbing Cause 41 The Constant C as an Index of Stability 42...	69
phugoid, moment of inertia, velocity and direction
Wind Ousts of Changing Velocity and Direction 44 Stability in the Face of Wind Fluctuations	72
parallelogram, wind fluctuation, datum line
4j Stability in the Face of Wind Fluctuationscontinued	73
cusp, Wind Fluctuations, wind conditions
The Practical Limit of Stability	74
adverse gust, given magnitude, safe
The Influence of a Periodic Disturbance	75
definite period, damp, waves
Unaccounted Factors in relation to the Flight Path	76
Aerodynamics, aerodone in flight, Unaccounted Factors
Unaccounted Factorscontinued	78
orbit, variable
CHAPTER V	79

Influence of Resistance on Amplitude	80
phugoid path, phugoid chart, tail plane
Influence of Moment of Inertia 53 Influence of Moment of Inertiacnntinued	84
Moment of Inertia, aerodynamic, functional aspect
Influence of Moment of Inertiaamtiuueil	85
point of inflection, torque, phugoid chart
The Quantitative Problem	87
K will diminish, suppose the aerodone, resistance to flight
The Form of the Nearly Straight Phugoid	88
sine curve, curve of trochoidal, true trochoid
On the Form of the Change in due to Resistance 58 On the Form of the Change in due to Resistancecontinued	90
sine curve, datum point, abscissa
On the Changes in the Magnitude of Hn due to Moment of Inertia 60 Statement of Case	94
radians, transverse axis, axis poundals X
The Equation of Stability 62 The Equation of Stability The Investigation continued	96
increment of variation, tan y, tail plane
The Equation of Stability The Investigation concluded	98
peripteral, zero pressure reaction, increment 8/3
CHAPTER VI	102

i Penauds Experiments	103
Penaud, Woodpecker, sized model
SO Mouillards Observations	104
Mouillard, ballasted, passage occurs
Mareys Experiments	106
Marey, mica aerodone, number of images
5s The Authors Experiments in Confirmation of the Phugoid Theory 69 Confirmation of the Phugoid Theory as to Time Velocity and Phase Length	111
Mica, flight path aerodone, 3'6 double period
Verification of the Equation of Stability	116
ft./sec, phase length, EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
Experimental Verification of the Equation of Stability 72 Experimental Verification of the Equation of Stabilityccntinued	118
poundal, Moment of inertia, Tail data
Verification of the Equation of Stabilitycontinued Small Scale Experiments	122
Tail data, gram, observed
Verification of the Equation of Stability Small Scale Experiments continued	124
small a model, just stable, Data as follows
To The Stability of Birds in Flight	127
grams weight, tan y, influence of viscosity
The Stability of Birds in Flightcontinued 77 The Stability of Birds in Flightcontinued	129
solid of revolution, speed of flight, swallow family
Stability of the Hirundo Apus	135
Radius of gyration, Moment of inertia, poundals
Stability of Diomedoa Exulans 80 The Equation of Stability applied to the Authors 1891 Models SI Lilienthals Machine Stability Investigated	145
logarithmic scale, Aerofoil, Lilienthal
LATERAL AND DIRECTIONAL STABILITY 83 Introductory	154
Directional stability, rota, motion
The Mutual Relationship of Lateral and Directional Stability	155
directional stability, lateral stability, restoring couple
S r Jjiterul Stability 86 Lateral Stability Oscillations in the Transverse Plane	158
dotted circle, arc form, cylindrical
Lateral Stability Oscillations in the Transverse Planecontinued	159
skin-friction
Oscillations in the Transverse Planecontinued	161
screw-like motion, path of oscillation, pressure due
Oscillations in the Transverse Plane Damping Influences 90 Oscillations in the Transverse Plane Influence of Moment of Inertia	163
Transverse Plane, lateral oscillation, aerodone whose
Oscillations in the Transverse Plane Form of the Oscillations	165
gliding path, gliding angle, datum line A C
Lateral Stability Oscillations in the Transverse Plane in Practice 93 Directional Stability	168
aerodone or flying, Transverse, angle
Directional Stabilitycontinued	169
Directional Stability, fin area, arrow
A Study in Directional Equilibrium and Maintenance	170
wind vane, abutment plane, distance separating
A Study in Directional Equilibriumcontinued	172
abutment fin, aerodynamic reaction, centrifugal force varies
Directional Stabilitycontinued	174
Directional Stability, direct sideways motion, tail Fig
Directional Stability Practical Considerations	175
front fin, rear fin, abutment area
Fin Resolution 100 Fin Resolutioncontinued	179
__ __ _, fin area, mass centre
Rotative Stability	180
real fins, resultant fin, effective centre
Rotative Stabilitycontinued	181
fin-tail length, lateral trim, initial list
10H Rotative Stability Basis of Investigation Defined	183
aerodynamic radius, aerodromic radius, abutment fin
Rotative Stability Preliminary Investigation	184
turning moment, linear, force F
Rotative Stability Investigation	188
Rotative Stability, lifting efforts, just stable
On the Aerodynamic Radius	191
aspect ratio, whirling table, aerodynamic radius
On the Aerodynamic Radius Theoretically Considered 108 On the Aerodromic Radius	195
aerodromic radius, vertical, theoretical
CHAPTER VIII	196

Basis of the Equation of Stability	198
Law of pressure, Theory itself, Equation
The Equation of Stability Unaccounted Factors	199
periptery, Equation of Stability, leading fin
Basis of tho Theory of Lateral and Directional Stability 111 Aerodynamic Basis of tho Investigation on Rotative Stability 115 Limitations and Unacc...	202
periptery, kinetic energy, stant proportion
Limitations and Unaccounted Factors continued 117 Limitations and Unaccounted Factorscontinued	204
abscissa, prime mover, flying machine
The Influence of tho Mode of Propulsion 119 Tho Influence of tho Mode of Propulsioncontinued 120 The Influence of the Mode of Propulsioncont...	209
force of propulsion, line c b, Propulsion continued
Rate of Damping of the Phugoid Oscillation	211
logarithmic, length of flight, phugoid oscillation
Dumping of the Phugoid Oscillation Examples 123 Damping of the Phugoid Oscillation Examplescoutinunl 124 Damping of the Phugoid Oscillation...	218

The Law of Corresponding Speed	224
skin friction, viscosity, model or vessel
Theory of Corresponding Speed	225
physical quantities, gravity, Theory of Corresponding
12S Tho Theory of Corresponding Speedmuti nurd 129 The Law of Corresponding Speed in its Relation to the Phugoid Theory	226
corresponding speed, law of corresponding, linear size
The Theory of Corresponding Spocdcontinued 131 Scale Model Experiments 132 Scale Model Experimentscontinued	229
naval architecture, Scale Model, flying machines
Scale Model Experimentscontinued	231
three co-ordinate axes, separately computed, machine
Scale Model Experiments Allowances	232
Scale Model, coefficient proper, coefficient of skin
Scale Model Experiments Summary	233
primary correction, resistance owing, fluid
Departures from Elementary Tvpe	234
model would weigh, applied torque, small in comparison
Tho Theory of Lateral and Rotative Stability	236
Lateral and Rotative, Theory of Lateral, leading plane
Application of the Theory of Lateral and Rotative Stability	237
primary feathers, rotative stability, vertical fin
Conclusions	239
propulsion, experimental, neutral
11O Historical Note	240
rotative stability, added subsequently, either constant
CHARTER IX	243

Authors Observations on Soaring Flight	245
gulls, upcurrent, seen to soar
Soaring Flight Described by other Observers	249
condor, le voilier, round and round
The Different Modes of Soaring Flight	251
upcurrent, Meteoro, sea breeze
The Vortical Component of the Wind Meteorological Considerations 146 The Vertical Component of the Windcontinued	257
gliding bird, sea-breeze, matinee
The Vortical Component of the Wind as dependent upon Geographical Conditions	258
perfect fluid, barometer, altitude
The UpCurrent in its Relation to Soaring Flight	262
soaring bird, miles per hour, up-current
Tho UpCurrent in its Relation to Soaring Flightcontinued I	267
dynamic soaring, stratum, thermodynamic
Dynamic Soaring	272
motion of translation, area A B, turbulence
Dynamic Soaring Preliminary Investigation	273
stratum, peripteral area, circular motion
Dynamic Soaring Historical Development of Modern Theory	275
Dynamic Soaring, le cerceau, Mouillard
Dynamic Soaring Theory of the Switchback Model	277
dynamic soaring, switch-back, resistance to flight
Theory of Dynamic Soaring Quantitative Treatment	282
Dynamic Soaring, screw propeller, flight path relatively
loo Theory of Dynamic Soaring Quantitative Investigationmitinned 156 Theory of Dynamic Soaring Harmonic Wind Pulsation	288
present investigation, wind pulse, value of F
The Form of the Orbit in Dynamic Soaring 158 Dynamic Soaring in its Halation to the Phugoid Flight Path 159 The Eolation between the Energy of ...	290
ellipse, Baste, velocity of flight
The Efficiency of Dynamic Soaring Energy Available in Terms of Total Energy of Turbulence	302
velocity of flight, wind fluctuation, tho soaring
Efficiency of Dynamic Soaringcontinued	305
Table VI, computation, Flight
Dynamic Soaring as determined by Different Kinds of Aerial Disturbance	306
miles per hour, vortices, Aerial Disturbance
IGIJ Dynamic Soaring as dependent on DeadWater Region	309
Dead-water Region, dead water, during the portion
Dynamic Soaring Mixed Conditions	310
dead-water region, wave motion, surface of discontinuity
CHAPTER X	313

Method of Experiment	314
launching staff, apparatus
Construction Materials Employed	315
cleavage, mica plate, clock-spring
Materialscontinued	318
gram per sq, Composite ballast, various thicknesses
The Aerofoil	319
fish glue, lamina, cigarette paper
The Aerofoilcontinued	321
wings, graded, edges
The Finplan and Tailplane 172 The Measurement of Moment of Inertia	323
radius of gyration, fin-plan, tail-plane
Admissible Proportions of Models	327
radius of gyration, aspect ratio, fin-plan
The Design of an Aerodone	329
plan form, limiting condition, least resistance
On the Anglo of the Tuilplane and the Position of the Centre of Gravity	331
pressure reaction, geometric centre
Methods of Steering	336
fins, twist, steer
On the Ballasted Aeroplane	337
tourniquet, Ballasted, rotary motion
Some Vagaries of the Flight Path	338
launching velocity, abnormal phase length
Vagaries of the Flight Pathcoutinueil 181 Vagaries of the Flight Pathcontinued	342
angular momentum, gyroscope, peripteral
GLOSSABY APPENDICES INDEX	387
gyroscope, boomerang, Lee-Metford

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The force to keep up the momentum of a body moving in a horizontal plane in that fluid (in which there is so little friction) cannot be great, and this force is all that is wanted. The movement of the neck and body of the condor, we must suppose, is sufficient for this. However this may be, it is truly wonderful and beautiful to see so great a bird, hour after hour, without any apparent exertion, wheeling and gliding over mountain and river. - Page 250

Appears in 47 books from 1846-2005

This day I shot a condor. It measured from tip to tip of the wings, eight and a half feet, and from beak to tail, four feet. This bird is known to have a wide geographical range, being found on the west coast of South America, from the Strait of Magellan along the Cordillera as far as eight degrees N. - Page 263

Appears in 23 books from 1821-1997

... field of ice. There is no effort ; watch as closely as you will, you rarely or never see a stroke of the mighty pinion. The flight is generally near the water, often close to it. You lose sight of the bird as he disappears in the hollow between the waves, and catch him again as he rises over the crest ; but how he rises and whence comes the propelling force is to the eye inexplicable ; he... - Page 249

Appears in 16 books from 1886-2005

In the case of any bird soaring its motion must be sufficiently rapid so that the action of the inclined surface of its body on the atmosphere may counterbalance its gravity. - Page 250

Appears in 33 books from 1852-2005

... blended together ; but they were seen distinct against the blue sky. The head and neck were moved frequently, and apparently with force, and... - Page 250

Appears in 53 books from 1846-2005

When the condors are wheeling in a flock round and round any spot, their flight is beautiful. Except when rising from the ground, I do not recollect ever having seen one of these bifde flap its wings. Near Lima, I watched several for nearly half an hour, without once taking off my eyes : they moved in large curves, sweeping in circles, descending and ascending without giving a single flap. - Page 249

Appears in 27 books from 1849-2005

... water. The bird was therefore at all times in close view. It swung around repeatedly, rising and falling slightly in its course, while keeping, as a whole, on one level and over the same place, moving with a slight swaying, both in front and lateral direction, but in such an effortless way as suggested a lazy yielding of itself to the rocking of some invisible wave. - Page 251

Appears in 11 books from 1880-1977

scale of comparison," based upon the stream-line theory, and states it as follows : —" If the ship be D times the dimension of the model, and " if at the speeds Vi, V 2 , V 3 the measured resist... - Page 223

Appears in 8 books from 1877-1918

... generally near the water, often close to it. You lose sight of the bird as he disappears in the hollow between the waves, and catch him again as he rises over the crest; but how he rises and whence comes the propelling force is to the eye inexplicable; he alters merely the angle at which the wings are inclined ; usually they are parallel to the water and horizontal; but when he turns to ascend or makes a change in his direction the wings then point at an angle, one to the sky, the other to the... - Page 249

Appears in 14 books from 1886-2005

The head and neck were moved frequently, and apparently with force ; and the extended wings seemed to form the fulcrum on which the movements of the neck, body, and tail acted. If the bird wished to descend, the wings were for a moment collapsed ; and when again expanded with an altered inclination, the momentum gained by the rapid descent seemed to urge the bird upwards with the even and steady movement of a paper kite. - Page 250

Appears in 44 books from 1846-2005

References from web pages

llll
01-1. MORS ed&pd. 1. MORS. Mr. Michael W. Garrambone. United States Military Academy. West Point, New York. 6 April 2004. Mr. Michael W. Garrambone ...
www.mors.org/ education_colloquium/ EC2004/ ec04_pres/ Garrambone.pdf

NASA TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM
NASA TECHNICAL. MEMORANDUM. DYN.4MICS. OF. ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT. -. dlve RECOVERY OF HANG GLIDERS. NASA TM. X- 73229. Robert. T. Jones. Ames Research Center ...
ntrs.nasa.gov/ archive/ nasa/ casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/ 19770017109_1977017109.pdf

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Aerodonetics: Constituting the Second Volume of a Complete Work on Aerial Flight

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by Frederick William Lanchester - Aerodynamics - 1909 - 433 pages

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